ONLINE COURSE IN RHETORIC

Output 2

Rhetorical figures, tropes and techniques

Glossary

Monological rhetorical genres

Dialogical rhetorical genres

Arguments and argumentation

Rhetorical figures, tropes and techniques

Presentation: types, features

Media rhetoric, civil rhetoric, virtual rhetoric

Rhetorical figures

Allegory

Allegory is a rhetorical figure through which abstract concepts are expressed in concrete artistic images, an innuendo often used in fables and fairy tales, for example, cunning through the image of the fox, etc.

• Allegory – https://www.sidmartinbio.org/what–is–allegory–speech/

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Examples:

• Master Class – https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-allegory-types-of-allegory-in-writing-and-5-tips-on-using-allegory-in-writing#what-is-the-purpose-of-allegory-in-writing

• Allegory Examples – https://fos.iloveindia.com/allegory-examples.html

Anadiplosis

Anadiplosis is a rhetorical figure, from the Greek meaning doubling. The same thing is spoken of twice. It is created on the principle of addition, where a subsequent sentence begins with a repetition of the word or element with which the previous sentence ends.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Example:

• We propose to negotiate and come to an agreement. A contract that will be acceptable to any one party.

Anaphora/Epiphora

Anaphora is a rhetorical figure. It means unity in Greek. It is realized by repeating the initial word in each subsequent parallel element of speech.

Epiphora means the repetition of a word or words at the end of a sentence paragraph.

• Rhetorical Devices – Anaphora – https://mannerofspeaking.org/2011/06/04/rhetorical–devices–anaphora/

• Deifnition – https://literarydevices.com/epiphora/

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Epiphora Examples:

• “The United States, as the world knows, will never start a war. We do not want a war. We do not now expect a war.—J ohn F. Kennedy, “The Strategy for Peace,” June 1963”

https://literarydevices.com/epiphora/

• Soft School – https://www.softschools.com/examples/literary_terms/epiphora_examples/286/

Anaphora Examples:

• “We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills …”

Winston Churchill, House of Commons, London, England, 4 June 1940

• https://mannerofspeaking.org/2011/06/04/rhetorical-devices-anaphora/ 

• https://smartblogger.com/anaphora-examples/

Antaclasis

Antaclasis is a rhetorical figure and means a verbal twist, words are interpreted in the opposite sense.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Example:

• The son says: Dad, I still don’t expect your death, but in fact it means: it’s better to expect it than to be poisoned by poison.

Antithesis

Antithesis is a rhetorical figure, a figure of thought, and means opposition. By means of antithesis the opposition of objects, phenomena, concepts is emphasised.

“What is antithesis?

Antithesis is a figure of speech which refers to the juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas. It involves the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure.” Figures of Speeches – Antithesis – https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/writing–antithesis.php

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Example:

• “I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of „interposition“ and „nullification“ – one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.”

Martin Luther King, Jr. – “I Have a Dream”

https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

Enumeration

Enumeration is a rhetorical figure. Through it, the speaker briefly summarizes all the main conclusions drawn after argumentation, presenting these conclusions once more in a showy and beautiful order, enumerating so as to have a strong impact on the audience.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

• Example:

• You have worked hard over the last six months. You have kept to the schedule exactly. You have achieved the tasks and stood shoulder to shoulder in difficult moments. So you understood what a team is and realized the importance of trust between you. That’s what made the project a success. So the award is well deserved.

Ellipse

The ellipse is a rhetorical figure. In rhetorical terms, it means the omission and omission of a word or words whose meaning, however, is understood in context.

Definitions and examples:

• Definition – Ellipsis – https://literarydevices.com/ellipsis/

• Stylistic Device – Ellipsisi – https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/writing-ellipsis.php

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Epiphoneme

An epiphoneme is a rhetorical figure and means “spoken through a whole phrase”. It contains a profound thought or maxim that appears in an oratorical speech as a result of prior reasoning.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Examples:

• Trust or confidance is fragile. It is slow and hard to win, but it can break quickly. It can break because of a mistake or betrayal.

• The courage to tell the truth in the first place, even when you expect punishment for it. Courage means telling the truth to protect decent people. Courage requires having faith and having a cause.

Epandordosis

Epandordosis is a rhetorical figure. Its meaning is: to change, restore, or shift; to supplement what is said with an expression that more clearly and accurately expresses a thought. It can also mean warning, counseling, which is expressed verbally in that there is repetition whose meaning is clarified to amplify what is being said. Another meaning: replacing one word with another. Next meaning or interpretation: A figure in which the speaker corrects or comments on something he has said. Also interpreted as “self-correction”, “self-correcting”, “self-correcting”.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Examples:

• Thousands, not millions.

• Maybe I want to make my position clear. Maybe not only I, but also you, in the audience, want it.

• A brave man is not afraid. In fact, a brave person overcomes fear, motivated to achieve his goal.

• „Some people say, ‘I don’t like my job, and what I do is boring. I don’t need to say that I don’t like it, maybe, but on the other hand, I’m happy with the salary.”

• You say that some young people are apolitical or irresponsible. Perhaps some of them are apolitical because they are disillusioned with politics and politicians. Perhaps others are irresponsible, but how does their irresponsibility manifest itself and to what and to whom?

• A friend? No, he’s not my friend, but my acquaintance from work.

• You probably noticed that he has a sense of humor. In fact, the sense of humor is at the level of telling jokes and jokes.

• Ivanka Mavrodieva – Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Evidence

Evidence is a rhetorical figure. It means a detailed representation of the parts of a single object that we can only imagine in our imagination.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Example:

• The robot is in the daily on the horata. Probably robot in the future, maybe in the near future, maybe yes podgotvya documentatiyata on the doctor, yes from the email, yes analyzing data, yes setting up graphs and diagrams, yes synchronizing our schedule, yes help in various types of activity: from professional engagement to domakinski zadleniya. Is the robot Kato our assistant or is so complicated? This is the quesrions which standd before philosophers, futurolostd, psycholostd, marketolositd, investitorts.

• Ivanka Mavrodieva – Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Gradation

A gradation is a rhetorical figure and means the enumeration of words in order to achieve emotional impact. It can be ascending or descending.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Example:

• “I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.”

Martin Luther King, Jr. – “I Have a Dream”

https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

Deliberation

A rhetorical device and figure. In it the speaker gives the impression of hesitating in making the final decision.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Example:

• I accept my obligations as a professional and moral responsibility. The situation involves analysis and expertise. Analysis and expertise are important for making a deliberate, not a hasty decision. That’s why I’m suggesting another meeting where options can be discussed.

• Ivanka Mavrodieva – Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Distinction

An exhaustive listing of words similar in meaning. Emphatic and nominative meanings of a word are contrasted.

Example:

• I have a roof over my head. The roof as part of the building, from the house. The literal meaning of the word does not diminish the importance of everyone having a roof over their heads. The roof as a symbol of home, protection, comfort. This is also taken into account by people, and should be provided for everyone in the implementation of social policy by the state.

• Ivanka Mavrodieva – Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Dubitation

Through the use of dubitation, the speaker seeks to enhance the persuasiveness of his point. The speaker seeks to be believed by members of the audience by asking them to question the truth or fairness of what he is saying, i.e. he seeks what is called, albeit conventionally, ‘situational rightness’.

Example:

• I am asking you to help me answer a difficult and ethically and morally ambiguous question. Self-sacrifice during the war and not knowing the limits of courage and sacrifice of kamikaze pilots. Why are they doing this? What motivates them? How do they assess the value of their lives during the war and in battle? What is important for pilots when performing these actions?

• Ivanka Mavrodieva – Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Concession

Fictitious agreement with the opponent’s position, thesis and claims.

Example:

• Yes, I can accept what is said with some convention, imagining the difficult situation and the managers’ lack of experience.

• Ivanka Mavrodieva – Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Communication – fictional advice. A question to the audience that the speaker asks about how to act, what action to take. Imaginatively transfers the difficult problem to the audience.

Examples:

• Imagine that you are faced with the difficult dilemma of how to allocate funding for Actors Guild projects. How has this been done before, or hasn’t been done before. Imagine the cases and decide, give suggestions. How would you proceed in this complicated situation.

• There are different types of leaders: democratic, liberal, authoritarian. I am not an authoritarian leader. That is why I am addressing you with the desire, with the aspiration to receive advice and recommendations on how to get out of this complicated situation. It is important to listen to expert assessments.

• Ivanka Mavrodieva – Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Metabola

The metabola is a rhetorical figure. It means repetition of the same thing in a different way, there is an accumulation of synonyms. The purpose is to reinforce the meaning of the word.

Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Example:

• Value is kindness. Kindness, compassion, empathy, mercy. They tell us about human relations not only within the family, but also in society.

• © Ivanka Mavrodieva – Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Characterism

An image through words, through which a detailed picture is described.

Example:

• People say it’s important to have compassion. Compassion for whom. That’s who or who. Compassion for the poor, the homeless, the hungry, do not take riches, not solid bank accounts, spend without the support of parents deprived of a roof over their heads, live on handouts.

The speaker uses this figure, listing and describing events and objects, as in the picture.

Rhetorical exclamation

A rhetorical exclamation is a rhetorical figure that directly expresses a strong feeling.

Example:

• “Oh my god. Oh, c’mon! Oh! Alright. Thank you so much. Thank you, thank you. I – when they called my name I had this feeling I could hear half of America going, “Oh no! Oh, c’mon why? Her? Again?” You know? But, whatever. [Laughs]”

http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/084-3/

Meryl Streep’s Oscar speech for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – “The Iron Lady”

• Online Guide into Rhetoric – http://www.online.rhetoric.bg/

Trop – trops

Quintilian distinguishes between tropes, figures of speech (exornationes sententiarum) and figures of thought (exornationes sententiarum). The purpose of tropes is to create a certain oratorical effect.

Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Hipalaga

Hipalata is a rhetorical figure and means replacing one word with another. In creating it, the number, verb tenses, etc. can be changed.

• Mavrodieva, I. et al. (2021). Online Course in Rhetoric. Glossary. Sofia: Institute of Rhetoric and Communciations. ISBN 978-619-91989-1-9, ISBN 978-619-91989-0-2

Example:

• Africa fighting instead of Africans fighting.

Project – RHEFINE – Rhetoric for Innovative Education, Number 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082274, Erasmus+ Programme, Key Action 2, Cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices – Strategic Partnerships for Higher Education.

Partners

University of Warsaw – Poland – coordinator

Institute of Rhetoric and Communication – Bulgaria

University of Zagreb – Croatia